How Not to Turn Into an "Old Driver"

How Not to Turn Into an "Old Driver"

Richard A. Marottoli, MD

Yale School of Medicine

As you buckle yourself into a two-ton metal machine and rocket down the road at 60 miles per hour or faster, you may ask yourself, "Am I as safe a driver as I used to be?" This can be a legitimate concern even if you’re in robust health and still a long way from being a senior. For instance, you may no longer be able to turn your head far enough to look behind you. 

Safety concerns become increasingly relevant as the years pass. 

Consider: Compared with drivers age 55 to 64, those over the age of 65 are almost twice as likely to die in a car crash... drivers age 80 and older have higher crash-fatality rates than all other age groups except teens. 

Aging affects driving ability in several vital ways...

Vision and hearing become less acute.
Cognition slows, impairing the ability to recognize and react appropriately to a hazard (such as a child dashing into the street).
The physical ability to operate a car may be impaired by stiff joints, muscle pain, nerve damage and other maladies.

Advancing age also brings increased frailty. This means that, even if driving skills remain sharp, the ability to recover from accidents decreases.
The modern world also presents hazards that older drivers may not be accustomed to. More than ever, drivers around you are likely to be distracted by cell-phone calls, text messages and GPS devices. These distractions greatly increase the risk for accidents.

NEW RULES OF THE ROAD

Avoid dangerous situations...

Use routes that minimize left turns -- they are more dangerous than right turns. When waiting to turn left, keep your wheels straight so you won’t be pushed into oncoming traffic if hit from behind.
On the highway, stay in the right lane whenever possible. There’s less risk of being tailgated, and you probably won’t need to change lanes to exit.
Minimize travel on congested or poorly lit roads.
Do not drive in rain or snow or when you feel tired or stressed. Stay home or call a taxi.

See and be seen...

To determine if you’re tailgating, pick a spot that the car in front of you passes, then count the seconds until you reach that spot. If it’s less than three seconds -- or six seconds in rain or fog -- back off.
Use your window defroster on high heat to clear window fog quickly... then switch to cool air (not cold) to keep fog from coming back. This works in all weather.
Keep your windows clean inside and outside.
Be on the watch for distracted drivers. Stay focused yourself, too -- don’t talk on the phone or eat or fiddle with the CD player or have emotional conversations with your passengers.
Keep headlights on, even during the day -- it makes you more visible to others. Clean headlights often.
If you have poor night vision, drive only in daylight.

Master new car technology...

Put your seat as far back as you comfortably can to avoid being injured by the air bag if it deploys.
Tilt the steering wheel so that the air bag points toward your chest, not your head. If your steering wheel telescopes, move it closer to the dashboard to lessen air bag impact.
If you skid, do not "pump" anti-lock brakes -- just brake steadily.

HEALTH CHECKS

Work with a health-care team...

Ask your doctor if any of the medications you take can cause drowsiness or light-headedness. If you start a new drug, avoid driving for a few days until you see how it affects you.
Have your vision checked every year or two.
Get a hearing test every three years. If you have hearing loss, watch dashboard indicators because you may not notice strange engine noises.

Also: Be vigilant about watching for emergency vehicles.

SHOULD YOU TAKE A CLASS?

The more of the following factors that apply to you, the more advisable it is to take a refresher course in driving. 

Take it as a clue if you...

Often are honked at by other drivers.
Sometimes have trouble staying in your lane.
Occasionally think that vehicles or pedestrians have appeared out of nowhere.
Caused a recent accident.

Many insurance companies offer discounts to drivers who pass a refresher course. Contact your insurance agent for more information. 

Some classes can be completed in one or two days... some you do at your own pace. Bonus: Classes review your state’s laws, which may have changed -- for example, many older drivers are unaware of certain states’ requirements to signal at least 100 feet before turning. 

Refresher courses are given online and in classroom settings. A course that includes several hours of behind-the-wheel training is most beneficial, though this can add significantly to the cost. For schedules and pricing, contact AARP (888-227-7669, www.aarp.org/drive) or your local AAA club (www.aaa.com).

PUTTING DOWN THE KEYS

It’s time to consider leaving the driving to others if you have taken a refresher course and yet still experience any of the following...

Often feel lost or confused on familiar roads.
Occasionally hit the gas when you mean to hit the brake.
Hear that other people worry about your driving or are scared to ride with you.
Have been advised by your doctor to stop driving.

If you stop driving...

Find out about public transportation options, including discounted fares for seniors.
For referrals to civic groups that provide rides, contact your local council on aging (800-677-1116, www.ElderCare.gov).
Ask nearby friends for rides (and offer to pay for gas). Many people are happy to help out.

Bottom Line/Women’s Health interviewed Richard A. Marottoli, MD, associate professor of medicine at Yale School of Medicine and medical director of the Dorothy Adler Geriatric Assessment Center at Yale-New Haven Hospital, both in New Haven, Connecticut. He is author of numerous published articles on senior drivers and led the "Enhancement of Driver Performance Among Older Drivers" study for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

 

Proven Ways to Make Your Car Last 300,000 Miles

Proven Ways to Make Your Car Last 300,000 Miles

David Solomon

MotorWatch

Some drivers appear to have great luck keeping their vehicles trouble free for many years -- even decades. Others don’t even make it past 60,000 miles without major problems. The longevity of your vehicle can depend on what type you own, but driving and maintenance habits also are crucial. A few proven techniques -- some easy, some more complex but worth the effort -- can help keep your vehicle running beyond the 300,000-mile mark.

DRIVING TECHNIQUES

Coast as much as possible. Plan your approach to red lights, stop signs and turns long before you reach them. Don’t accelerate unnecessarily and then step on the brake at the last moment -- that wears down brakes quickly.

Accelerate slowly. Avoid jackrabbit starts. Flooring the gas pedal when the engine is cold is a major reason for blown head gaskets, which are expensive to fix. Drive as though you have an egg between your foot and the gas pedal. Reserve rapid acceleration for emergency situations.

Allow the engine to get hot. To help flush contaminants, such as fuel and moisture, from the motor oil, drive at highway speeds for 30 minutes at least once a month.

Delay heating or cooling. To prevent adding an extra load on the engine, allow it to run for a minute so that it is lubricated before you turn on the windshield defroster or air conditioner.

Run the air conditioner or windshield defroster at least once a month (even in cooler weather) for about a minute to circulate oil through the heating and cooling system. Otherwise, oil may settle in the compressor, causing the system to stop operating.

Use the parking brake. If you don’t use it at least once a week while parked -- even if you’re not parked on an incline -- the parking brake can freeze up and fail to release.

Wind down turbocharged engines. The engine should be allowed to idle a few minutes before you shut it down. This allows the turbo to stop spinning while it is still being lubricated with motor oil. (Don’t close the garage door until the engine is off.)

Avoid two-footed driving. Using the left foot to brake can lead to unconscious riding of the brakes, which wears them out and confuses the engine control computer, possibly leading to stalling, surging and high emissions.

With manual transmissions, use the brakes and not the gears to slow down -- brakes are cheaper to replace than the transmission. For most manual transmission vehicles, aim to operate the engine between 2,000 and 3,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) to avoid overworking or over-revving the engine. Don’t keep the clutch pedal pressed any more than necessary. Keep your hand off the gear shift when driving to avoid excess strain on the transmission. Don’t necessarily park in gear -- if another car bumps into yours while yours is in gear, the transmission could be damaged. Exception: Park in gear is for extra traction on inclines.

With automatic transmissions, shift into park when idling for extended periods to allow the transmission to cool down. Don’t idle for long periods in neutral, because some bearings are not lubricated in neutral.

FUEL CHOICES

Try to use a gas additive with every fill-up because modern gasoline doesn’t contain enough detergents to keep the fuel system clean. Avoid additives that contain methanol, methyl, alcohol, xylene, toluene or acetone -- these can damage the fuel system hoses and pump.

Best: Redline SI-1 or Chevron Techron (usually $7 to $9 per bottle).

Use the octane called for in the vehicle’s owner’s manual. Putting premium fuel in an engine designed for regular, or vice versa, won’t deliver better mileage, and it can cause a buildup of carbon in the combustion chambers, which hurts driving performance.

Don’t let the fuel level drop below one-quarter tank. A low tank promotes condensation, which can damage the fuel pump.

Don’t fill the tank to the top of the filler neck. Topping off after the gas hose clicks can damage the evaporative emission canister, which will cause the “check engine” light to come on. Repairs could cost more than $500.

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Determine the normal life expectancy for major parts so that you can replace them before they fail.

Example: Most people never think to replace their radiator, but a radiator should be changed every 10 years or 150,000 miles -- or sooner, depending on your driving conditions. A list of the normal life expectancies for most parts is posted at www.motorwatch.com (click on “Automotive Bible,” “Service Charts,” then “Depart Parts Chart”).

Rotate tires every 7,500 miles to extend tire life and improve gas mileage. (Some vehicles have tires that cannot be swapped from front to back or side to side.) It’s also a good opportunity for your technician to check the vehicle for potential problems, such as leaks or parts that are about to fail.

Have the battery tested annually at a shop that uses a “conductance” tester, which can predict battery life. When the battery wears out, replace it with an Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) battery, which lasts at least twice as long as an ordinary battery, offers more cranking power, recharges faster and increases starter and alternator life. AGM batteries are sealed and don’t vent explosive gases or cause corrosion of the cables or nearby electrical components, as conventional batteries do. Examples of AGM batteries: Optima, Odyssey (prices start at $130).

If the battery can be opened up, you can top off the electrolyte (fluid). Use distilled water only for this.

Clean the throttle body and fuel injectors every 30,000 miles -- unless a gas additive is used regularly.

Change spark plugs every 60,000 miles. Replace plug wires, if applicable, every 100,000 to 120,000 miles.

OTHER HELPFUL STEPS

Keep only a few keys on the ignition key ring. The extra weight from a fistful of keys will wear out the ignition switch prematurely in some vehicles.

Use a car cover if you don’t garage your vehicle. It reduces environmental damage to the paint and sun damage to the interior. Best: Covers ranging from $80 to $400 available at www.autochic.com (800-351-0605).

Use a windshield sunshade or dashboard cover to preserve the dash vinyl when parked in the sun.

WHEN TO CHANGE THE OIL, BRAKE FLUID...

The owner’s manual often does not include recommendations for the change intervals for important fluids and filters, or the recommended intervals may be too far apart. Use the guidelines below unless the manufacturer recommends shorter intervals...

Oil. The old rule of thumb for oil changes is every three months or 3,000 miles, but if you drive in a mild climate or use synthetic oil, this may be too frequent. If you drive in more severe conditions, it might not be frequent enough. Better: Follow the oil change guidelines posted at my Web site, www.motorwatch.com (click on “Automotive Bible,” then “Service Charts”). Also: Have your oil analyzed every few years with a test kit (available from Oil Analyzers Inc., 800-956-5695, www.oaitesting.com). This will tell you whether you change the oil often enough for your kind of driving, and it will warn you of potential problems.

Example: Finding trace amounts of coolant or sand (silica) in the oil allows you to take corrective action before the engine is damaged.

Brake fluid. Every two years or 24,000 miles, whichever comes first, for vehicles with an antilock braking system (ABS). Every three years or 36,000 miles for those without ABS. Use DOT 5.1 synthetic brake fluid, which has good corrosion inhibitors.

Power steering fluid. Every two years or 24,000 miles.

Long-life radiator coolant. Every three years or 36,000 miles. Buy premixed coolant, or mix it yourself with distilled water, not tap water, which can cause mineral deposits to plug up the radiator.

Transmission fluid for automatic transmissions. Every three years or 36,000 miles in front-wheel-drive vehicles... every five years or 50,000 miles in rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Synthetic transmission fluid extends the interval by one year or 10,000 miles.

Transmission fluid for manual transmissions. Every 60,000 miles, or 100,000 miles when using synthetic transmission fluid.

Fuel filter. At least every 50,000 miles. A partially blocked fuel filter can cause premature failure of the fuel pump. Best: Use the same brand of filter that the factory supplied.

Bottom Line/Personal interviewed David Solomon, a certified master auto mechanic and chairman of MotorWatch, an automotive safety watchdog organization, and editor of MotorWatch, Box 123, Butler, Maryland 21023. www.motorwatch.com.